RESUMO
En la primera parte de esta contribución se han abordado la condiciones de contorno del nuevo método de blanqueo que idea Berthollet tras el descubrimiento del cloro (ácido muriático oxigenado) por Scheele. Esta segunda se centra en lo concerniente a la relevante figura del farmacéutico Descroizilles, y a las variadas facetas a las que se dedica (i.e. analista, inventor, químico industrial), destacando los aspectos de su vida y de su obra. Descroizilles procede de una dinastía de farmacéuticos destacada en Dieppe, ejerce en primer lugar en Rouen, marchando a París más tarde en donde llega a ser miembro del Consejo de Manufacturas. Descroizilles afronta la problemática de la sidra que afecta a la región de Normandía como consecuencia de las malas prácticas de conservación. Con ayuda de la Casa de Fontenay saca adelante el método de blanqueo por cloro en escala industrial. Idea los procedimientos y aparatos necesarios para llevar a cabo el análisis volumétrico, en especial un sistema de medida que denomina "berthollímetro" en honor de Berthollet, colaborando con el ingeniero Chevalier en la fabricación y venta del mismo. Descroizilles estudia en detalle los álcalis del comercio. Finalmente, se tratan aspectos menos conocidos relacionados con los polvos de gas y el alumbre para concluir con la contribución de Gay Lussac a la volumetría, fundamental para consolidar la obra emprendida por Descroizilles
In the first part of this contribution, the boundary conditions of the new bleaching method proposed by Berthollet after the discovery of chlorine (oxygenated muriatic acid) by Scheele have been addressed. This second part focuses more on everything concerning the relevant figure of the pharmacist Descroizilles, and the various facets (i.e. analyst, inventor, industrial chemist) in which he is involved, highlighting the aspects of his life and his work. Descroizilles comes from a dynasty of pharmacists stationed in Dieppe. He first established in Rouen, arriving in Paris later, and becoming a member of the Council of Manufactures. Descroizilles tackles the problem of cider that affects the Normandy region as a consequence of bad conservation practices. With the help of the Casa de Fontenay, it takes the chlorine bleaching method on an industrial scale. Descroizilles devises the necessary apparatus and procedures to carry out the titrimetric analysis, in special a measuring system that denominates "berthollimeter" in honour of Berthollet, collaborating with the engineer Chevalier in the manufacture and sale of the same. Descroizilles studies in detail the alkalis of the commerce. Finally, a review is made of other lesser-known aspects related to bleaching powder and alum, ending with the contribution of Gay Lussac to the titrimetry, fundamental to consolidate the work undertaken by Descroizilles
Assuntos
História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Titulometria/história , Titulometria/métodos , Química/história , Farmacêuticos/história , Inventores/educação , Inventores/história , Cloro/história , Álcalis/história , Compostos de Alúmen/história , Sulfato de Alumínio/históriaRESUMO
Se efectúa una aproximación al blanqueo de tejidos y al uso de los álcalis con carácter previo a considerar las contribuciones de Francis Home y William Lewis, autores de perfiles farmacéuticos. Se muestra la relevancia de sus trabajos y el valor de sus publicaciones. La química y la práctica van de la mano en el desarrollo de estos temas (AU)
A brief on bleaching and alkalis is given previous to the life and contributions of Francis Home and William Lewis, pharmaceutical profile authors. The relevance of their work and the worth of their publications are revealed. Chemistry and practice go hand in hand in the development of these issues (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/história , Clareadores/história , Álcalis/história , Química Farmacêutica/história , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/história , Química Farmacêutica/educação , Faculdades de Farmácia/históriaRESUMO
A tension exists between damage caused to the environment by novel chemicals and the advance in industrial and economic progress based on the same products. This was brought to the fore in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. However, this was not altogether a new story. For some, such as Robert Angus Smith, concerns arose in the nineteenth century with the polluting vapours from chemical processes. Smith and colleagues in the Alkali Inspectorate, with support from medical officers of health and occupational health officers, exercised vigilance and diligence to ensure wider and tighter regulations in order to protect workers and the public. This article reviews the changes in British regulatory approaches adopted during the second half of the nineteenth century in response to the increasing proliferation of harmful chemicals released into the environment.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/história , Poluição Ambiental/história , Regulamentação Governamental/história , Álcalis/história , Álcalis/toxicidade , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Poluição Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , Saúde Ocupacional/história , Saúde Ocupacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Oxygen was used in neonatal resuscitation from 1780, within 5 years of its detection. It rapidly gained general acceptance and infiltrated delivery rooms and, a century later, neonatal special care units. After 217 years without scientific evidence, the use of oxygen for neonatal resuscitation has recently been questioned. Continuous distending airway pressure for oxygen administration was available at the beginning of the 20th century, but was not widely accepted. Alkali and analeptic drugs gained widespread but short-lived use after the Second World War.
